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Welcome to the Patient Education Library of Central Florida Spine & Pain

We invite you to explore our comprehensive list of resources and educational materials designed to help educate you about your medical condition or treatment. Choose a topic below to learn more.

If you have any questions or concerns regarding your condition or treatment, please feel free to contact Central Florida Spine & Pain in Melbourne, Florida, at (321) 802-5021. To request an appointment, use our secure online appointment request form.

This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation, examination, or the medical advice of your doctor. This information should not be relied upon to determine a diagnosis or course of treatment.

Pain Management A-Z

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Back pain is one of the most disruptive types of pain we can experience – it causes us to miss work and avoid the activities we love.
  • A Guide To Arthroscopy
    Arthroscopic Surgery is a procedure that allows surgeons to see, diagnose, and treat problems inside a joint.  The procedure, also called an Arthroscopy, requires only small incisions and is guided by a miniature viewing instrument or scope.  Before arthroscopy existed, ... Read More
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    IntroductionTreatment
  • Achilles Tendon Tear & Repair
    The Achilles tendon is the most powerful tendon in the human body.  Tendons are strong tissues that connect muscles to bone.  The Achilles tendon is located in the lower back part of the leg and works with the calf muscles ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Achilles Tendon Tear & Repair
    The Achilles tendon is the most powerful tendon in the human body.  Tendons are strong tissues that connect muscles to bone.  The Achilles tendon is located in the lower back part of the leg and works with the calf muscles ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryAm I at Risk
  • ACL Tear & Reconstruction - Knee Ligament Injury
    The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect our bones together. The ACL crosses inside of the knee, connecting the thighbone to the leg. It ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Acupuncture - Chiropractic Treatment
    Acupuncture is an ancient treatment art that originated in China over 5000 years ago.  Today’s professional acupuncture methods are grounded in science and used as treatments for a wide variety of conditions.  Acupuncture involves the insertion of very fine needles ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Allergies
    An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to a normally nonthreatening substance. There are many types, causes, and symptoms of allergic reactions.  Different areas of the body can be affected depending on the allergic trigger.  Some allergic reactions ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Ankle Replacement
    Total ankle replacement surgery, or ankle arthroplasty, can improve ankle function and relieve severe pain caused by arthritis and other conditions. As more FDA-approved ankle implants have become available, ankle replacement has become the preferred alternative to ankle fusion. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Ankle Sprain
    Ankle Sprains are a very common injury that can happen to anyone.  Your ankles support your entire body weight and are vulnerable to instability.  Walking on an uneven surface or wearing the wrong shoes can cause a sudden loss of ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Ankle Sprain & Instability
    Ankle Sprains are a very common injury that can happen to anyone.  Our ankles support our entire body weight and are vulnerable to instability.  Walking on an uneven surface or wearing the wrong shoes can cause a sudden loss of ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Anterior Hip Replacement
    When you need surgery to replace a damaged or diseased hip, some orthopedic surgeons have advanced training to perform anterior hip arthroplasty, also known as the direct anterior approach to hip replacement. This procedure is considered ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Aquatic Therapy
    Orthopaedic conditions, medical conditions, and neurological disorders may reduce your ability to bear weight on your legs, tolerate the impact exercise on land, or move against the forces of gravity.  Aquatic therapy is a rehabilitation option that allows people to ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Arthritis
    Arthritis is a common disease that causes joint pain, stiffness, immobility, and swelling.  Arthritis is actually a term for a group of over 100 diseases that affect the muscle and skeletal system, particularly the joints.  Arthritis alters the cartilage in ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Arthrocentesis - Pain Management
    Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling.  Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow, and wrist.  It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Artificial Cervical Disc Replacement
    Degenerative disc disease is a common source of neck pain.  It is a condition that causes the discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down.  Artificial cervical disc replacement can be an alternative to spinal fusion surgery (ACDF) for ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Artificial Lumbar Disc Replacement
    Degenerative disc disease is a common cause of chronic low back pain.  It is a condition that causes the discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down.   Artificial lumbar disc replacement can be an alternative to spinal fusion surgery ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Balanced Diet and Nutrition
    The food that you eat can directly affect your health.  As Americans are facing higher rates of obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, it is more important than ever to make sure that you and your family are eating a ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Bennett's Fracture - Fracture of the Base of the Thumb
    A Bennett’s fracture occurs when the bone at the base of the thumb breaks and dislocates.  It results from a forceful injury, such as during fist fighting, playing football, accidents, or a fall.  A Bennett’s fracture causes thumb swelling, pain, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • BOTOX for Pain Management
    BOTOX® is useful for more than smoothing out wrinkles.  In fact, it is indicated for treating painful muscle spasms and contractions in the neck (cervical dystonia), tension headaches, migraine headaches, back pain, and myofascial pain.  BOTOX injections are used to ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Boutonniere Deformity - Finger Deformity
    A boutonniere deformity occurs when the tendon that straightens the middle joint of your finger is injured, weakened or stretched.  The injury allows the middle finger joint to bend (flex) and the end finger joint to pull back and hyperextend.  ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Boxer's Fracture - Knuckle Fracture of the Pinky
    A Boxer’s fracture occurs when the bone at the knuckle of the little finger breaks.  It can result from a forceful injury during fist fighting or hitting a solid object, such as a wall.  A Boxer’s fracture causes swelling, pain, and stiffness.  ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Bruises - Contusions
    Everyone has experienced a bruise at one time or another.  A bruise, medically termed a contusion, results when the blood vessels beneath the skin are injured and bleed.  Cold packs can help reduce bruising following an injury.  Significant bruises should ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Bunion
    Bunions are a common foot deformity, especially in females.  They most frequently result from wearing shoes that are too small and or have a high heel.  Abnormal pressure from poor fitting shoes causes the bones in the big toe and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Burns
    Minor burns are common skin injuries that affect the outer most layers of the skin.  Burns are caused by heat, such as fire, but can occur from several other sources, such as hot liquids, the sun, or certain chemicals.  Minor ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Carpal Instability - Wrist Ligament Injury
    Carpal instability occurs when the small bones in the wrist move out of position and compromise joint functioning.  This may result when the ligaments that hold the bones together are torn or when the bones are fractured or affected by arthritis.  ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Endoscopic Release Surgery
    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Open Release Surgery
    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Cartilage Tears
    Articular cartilage is a substance that covers the ends of many of your bones.  It cushions them during movement and provides a smooth surface for the bones in a joint to glide on.  The meniscal cartilages in the knee differ ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease - Spinal Cord and Nerve Compression
    Cervical degenerative disc disease is a condition that can compress the spinal cord and nerves in the neck.  Intervertebral discs are shock-absorbing pads located between vertebrae, the small bones that make up your spine.  Aging can cause the discs to ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Cervical Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Neck
    Cervical facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the neck and/or shoulder.  This technique is useful for those patients who experience short term relief following local anesthetic blocks of the nerves supplying the cervical facet ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cervical Radiculopathy - Cervical Nerve Compression
    Cervical radiculopathy is a condition that results when a nerve is pinched or irritated as it leaves the spine in the neck.  Nerves from the spinal cord exit at various levels from the spine and travel throughout the body.  With ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Cervical Selective Nerve Root Block - Neck
    A cervical selective nerve root block is used to diagnose and in some cases, treat nerve pain in the neck.  A variety of conditions can affect the nerves in the neck, which not only can cause pain in the neck, ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cervical Spondylitic Myelopathy - Spinal Cord Compression
    Cervical spondylitic myelopathy is a condition that affects the spinal cord in the neck.  It is the most common spinal cord disorder in the United States.  Cervical spondylitic myelopathy most frequently occurs in adults because of degenerative changes in the ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Clavicle Fracture - Broken Collar Bone
    Clavicle fractures are a common orthopedic injury, especially among infants and young children.  The clavicle, known as the collarbone, is a long bone located at the top of the chest.  A clavicle fracture most frequently results from trauma.  The majority ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Claw Toe
    Claw toe most frequently develops in older women.  It causes the joint at the base of the toe to bend upward and the other joints on the toe to bend downward in the shape of a claw.  Claw toe may be ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPreventionAm I at Risk
  • Claw Toe
    Claw toe most frequently develops in older women.  It causes the joint at the base of the toe to bend upward and the other joints on the toe to bend downward in the shape of a claw.  Claw toe may ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Cluster Headache
    Cluster headaches are named so because they occur in predictable patterns, often as regular as clockwork.  They are one of the most painful types of headaches.  Fortunately, treatments and medication can help reduce symptoms and the number of headache episodes. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskAdvancements
  • Coccydynia - Tailbone Pain
    Coccydynia is an uncommon painful condition that originates from the coccyx, the tailbone at the end of the spine.  Trauma and falls are the most frequent causes of coccydynia.  In the vast majority of cases, nonsurgical treatment, such as medications ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cold Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
    Cold therapy is a non-surgical non-medication modality used to help relieve pain and swelling.  Cold therapy is commonly used immediately following an injury.  There are many forms of cold therapy, including ice massage, commercial cold packs, or ice packs.  Your ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
    Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a type of chronic pain syndrome.  CRPS was formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and shoulder-hand syndrome.  CRPS causes severe burning pain and possible eventual deterioration of an affected arm or leg.  The cause ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Computed Tomography (CT)
    Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive procedure that is used to provide detailed views of the bones, blood vessels, brain, and dense tissues.  With CT, cross-sectional images are produced in a series of slices  similar to the slices that make ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Concussion (TBI)
    A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs from a direct hit to the head. Concussions can also occur when the head or body is forcefully shaken. Brain injuries can lead to temporary confusion, headaches, and much more. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPrevention
  • Constipation
    Constipation refers to a change and decrease in bowel movements.  Constipation can be very uncomfortable but is rarely linked to a serious medical condition.  It can cause hard stools that are difficult and painful to pass. A poor diet, poor ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Costovertebral Block
    Your ribs are joined to your spine by the costovertebral joints in your upper back.  A variety of conditions can cause pain in this area.  A costovertebral block is a procedure that is used both to diagnose and treat the source ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cryotherapy
    Cryotherapy is a painless, in-office procedure. It is a freezing method used to remove benign skin lesions. Well-defined lesions and tumors are ideal for freezing, as the doctor can easily identify and treat the appropriate area. Cryotherapy is also ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome - Ulnar Nerve Transposition (Elbow)
    Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow.  Nerves carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and body parts.  When a nerve is compressed, it cannot function properly.  Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Blood Clots in Deep Veins
    A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that forms in the deep large veins of the pelvis, legs, thighs, or arms.  A DVT can reduce or block the flow of blood in a vein.  It may dislodge and ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Degenerative Disc Disease - Pain Management
    Your spine is made up of a series of bones.  Shock-absorbing pads, called discs, are located between each of the bones.  With age, the discs can begin to break down or deteriorate, and lead to a condition called degenerative disc disease.  ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Degenerative Disc Disease - Spine Degeneration
    Degenerative Disc Disease is a condition that causes the intervertebral discs in the spine to deteriorate or breakdown.  Intervertebral discs are the shock-absorbing pads located between your vertebrae.  The vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your spine.   Degenerative ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentRecoveryPrevention
  • Degenerative Disc Disease - Spine Degeneration
    Degenerative Disc Disease is a condition that causes the intervertebral discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down.  Intervertebral discs are the shock-absorbing pads located between your vertebrae.  The vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your ... Read More
    Watch Video
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Depression
    Depression is a real medical condition that is treatable.  Depression is not a “normal part” of every day life.  Common symptoms of depression include feeling sad, irritable, tired, and uninterested in activities that used to be enjoyable.  Everyone feels this ... Read More
    IntroductionCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • deQuervain's Tendonitis - Wrist Tendonitis
    De Quervain’s Tendonitis is a condition caused by an inflammation of the tendons located at the thumb side of the wrist.  Tendons are tissues that attach our muscles to our bones.  They can become swollen and sore from over use.  ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Diabetes - Type 1
    Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is used as a source of fuel for the body.  Normally, the hormone insulin helps glucose enter the cells where it is used for energy.  People ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Diabetes - Type 2 & Pre-Diabetes
    Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.  Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is a source of fuel.  Normally, the hormone insulin helps ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Diabetic Foot
    Foot problems are a common complication of Diabetes. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is a source of fuel for the body. Normally, insulin, a hormone, helps glucose get into ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Diarrhea
    Diarrhea is a very common condition for people of all ages.  A viral infection, such as the stomach flu, or a bacterial infection most frequently causes diarrhea.  Less commonly, diarrhea is associated with an underlying medical condition.  Symptoms include the ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Digital x-ray
    Digital x-rays are used to create images of the structures inside of the body.  X-rays assist doctors with diagnosis and treatment planning.  Traditional x-rays use film and chemicals.  Digital x-rays are filmless and images are stored electronically on a computer.  ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Discography
    Discography is a diagnostic procedure to help identify the source of back or neck pain.  Discs are cushions located between the bones that make up your spine.  Normally, discs act as shock-absorbers to protect the bones in the spine. Aging or ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosis
  • Dupuytren's Disease
    Dupuytren’s disease causes an abnormal thickening of the tissues located underneath the skin in the palm of the hand. As the tissue thickens it can form lumps and strong cords. The abnormal growth causes the fingers to bend in ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Electrocardiogram - ECG
    An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is useful for identifying if the heart is beating normally.  It may be used for people with chest pain, heart palpitations, or suspected heart disease.  An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart.  It ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Electromyography (EMG) - Nerve Test
    Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic test that measures the nerve impulses in muscles during contraction.  Nerves throughout the body exchange information with the brain through nerve impulses. Healthy muscles need nerve input to perform movements.  Doctors use EMG to identify muscle ... Read More
    IntroductionDiagnosis
  • Electrotherapy - Chiropratic Treatment
    Electrotherapy is a treatment method that may reduce acute and chronic pain.  It may be especially helpful immediately following an injury.  Electrotherapy involves stimulating nerve fibers with small electrical currents.  The electrical stimulation may promote the release of natural pain ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Electrotherapy - Pain Management
    Electrotherapy is a treatment method that can help reduce acute and chronic pain.  It may be especially helpful immediately following an injury.  Electrotherapy involves stimulating nerve fibers with small electrical currents.  The electrical stimulation may promote the release of natural pain ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Epidural Injections - Low Back (Lumbar)
    Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for low back (lumbar) pain and pain radiating into the legs.  The procedure involves delivering pain relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Epidural Injections - Neck (Cervical Transforaminal Steroid Injection)
    Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are a non-surgical option to ease pain in the neck, shoulder and upper extremity.  The neck is a vulnerable part of the spine and is susceptible to injury and degeneration.  A variety of conditions can ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Epidural Injections - Upper Back (Thoracic)
    Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for upper back (thoracic) pain.  The procedure involves delivering pain-relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short outpatient procedure.  Epidural injections can be very ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Exercise Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
    Exercise therapy is a part of chiropractic care that focuses on helping the body function at a higher level of efficiency.  Exercise is important for helping all body systems function optimally while preventing injury and deterioration.  Exercise therapy may help ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Exercise Therapy - Pain Management
    Exercise therapy focuses on helping the body function at a higher level of efficiency.  Exercise is important for helping all body systems function optimally while preventing injury, pain, and deterioration.  Exercise therapy may help improve flexibility, strength, endurance, and posture.  ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Extensor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
    An extensor tendon injury occurs when the tendon is torn, cut or otherwise detached.  The extensor tendons attach to the back of your fingers and thumbs.  They allow your fingers and thumbs to straighten and perform fine coordinated movements.  Extensor ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Facet Injections - Pain Management
    Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine.  Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra.  Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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    IntroductionTreatment
  • Facet Joint Syndrome - Pain Management
    The facet joints connect the bones that align to make up the spine.  Healthy facet joints glide freely and allow movement. The natural aging process, injury, arthritis, and certain spine conditions can change the way that the facet joints move and ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at Risk
  • Femur Fracture - Broken Thigh Bone
    The bone in your thigh is called the femur.  It is the strongest bone in the body.  The femur is very difficult to break or fracture, but it can, as the result of a high impact vehicle crash or fall ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Fibromyalgia
    Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain and tender points on muscles.  Although the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, there appear to be several factors that may contribute to it.  In addition to lifestyle changes and physical ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at Risk
  • Flexor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
    A flexor tendon injury occurs when the tendon is cut or ruptures.  The flexor tendons attached at the palm side of your fingers and thumbs.  They allow your finger and thumb joints to bend, grasp items, and perform fine coordinated ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Flu and Flu Shots
    The flu is a respiratory disease that affects the nose, throat, and lungs.  The influenza virus type A, B, or C causes it.  The flu is very contagious.  Symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, cough, and a lack of energy.  ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Fluoroscopy
     A fluoroscopy is a live X-ray that creates real-time images.  It is especially useful for diagnosing upper or lower digestive tract disorders (barium enema, barium swallow) or joint problems (arthrography).  The live images can help a doctor determine how a ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Fractures
    Bones are the hardest tissues in your body. Although bones are strong, they can split or break under too much pressure or force. A broken bone is called a fracture. Fractures can occur in a variety of ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Ganglion Cysts - Foot
    Ganglion cysts are a common condition that can develop on the top or bottom of the foot.  They are not harmful or cancerous, although they may cause discomfort.  Ganglion cysts that are painful or interfere with walking are treated first with ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Ganglion Cysts - Foot - Podiatry
    Ganglion cysts are a common condition that can develop on the top or bottom of the foot.  They are not harmful or cancerous, although they may cause discomfort.  Ganglion cysts that are painful or interfere with walking are treated with ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Ganglion Cysts - Wrist/Hand Lumps and Bumps
    Ganglion Cysts are a common condition.  They are not harmful or cancerous, although they may cause some people discomfort.  Ganglion Cysts usually appear as bumps on the back of the hand and at either side of the wrist.  They are ... Read More
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  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
    Generalized anxiety disorder is a common type of anxiety disorder.  People with generalized anxiety disorder experience excessive worry and anxiety over daily circumstances.  They may feel that they have little control over their internal tension and it may interfere with ... Read More
    IntroductionCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • GERD (Reflux)
    Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a digestive condition.  It is also called Peptic Esophagitis and Reflux Esophagitis.  GERD results when stomach contents and stomach acids enter the esophagus.  The esophagus is the tube that transfers food from your throat to ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Glaucoma
    Glaucoma is an eye disorder that occurs from damage to the optic nerve.  The optic nerve carries nerve signals about what you see to your brain for processing.  Glaucoma most frequently results from an imbalance of fluid production and drainage ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at RiskComplications
  • Golfer's Elbow - Medial Epicondylitis
    Golfer's Elbow (medial epicondylitis) is a type of cumulative trauma injury.  Golfer's Elbow results when the tendons that attach to the inner elbow degenerate.  Tendons do not stretch easily and are vulnerable to degeneration during repetitive motions, such as those ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Gout
    Gout is a disorder that can cause sudden joint pain.  It occurs most commonly in the big toe, although it may affect other joints.  The buildup of uric acid, a substance found naturally in the body and in certain foods, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Hallux (Great Toe) Rigidus
    Your big toes help you maintain balance.  They receive a huge amount of stress each time you walk, stand, squat, or climb stairs.  People with degenerative arthritis may develop a condition called hallux rigidus, meaning a “stiff big toe.”  Hallux ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe)
    Your big toes help you maintain balance.  They receive a huge amount of stress each time you walk, stand, squat, or climb stairs.  People with degenerative arthritis may develop a condition called hallux rigidus, meaning a “stiff big toe.”  Hallux ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Hammer Toe
    Hammertoe most commonly affects the second toe on the foot.  It causes the middle joint to bend.  Hammertoe is most frequently caused by structural problems in the toe or from wearing poor fitting shoes.  It is important to diagnose and ... Read More
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  • Hammer Toe - Podiatry
    Hammertoe most commonly affects the second toe on the foot.  It causes the middle joint to bend.  Hammertoe is most frequently caused by structural problems in the toe or from wearing poor fitting shoes.  It is important to diagnose and ... Read More
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  • Hamstring Muscle Injuries
    Hamstring muscle injuries create sudden pain at the back of the thigh.  Hamstring injuries occur most frequently among athletes and dancers. The hamstring muscles can strain or tear.  Most hamstring tears do not require surgery.  Physical rehabilitation following hamstring strain ... Read More
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  • Hand Dislocations
    Hand dislocations occur when a force causes the bones in the fingers or wrist to move out of position.  Sports, falls, job-related injuries, and motor vehicle crashes are the most common causes of hand dislocations.  Symptoms can include deformity, extreme ... Read More
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  • Hand Nerve Injury and Repair
    Nerve injuries in the hand can result from cuts, pressure, stretching, or crush injuries. An injured nerve cannot transmit nerve signals. An injured nerve can cause a lack of sensation, movement, or both. Some types of nerve ... Read More
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  • Hand Therapy
    Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation.  Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist or physical therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy.  A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Headaches - Chiropractic Treatment
    Headaches are a very common condition.  Headaches can cause pain in the head, face, and neck.  There are several different types and causes of headaches.  Traditionally, medication has been used to treat headaches.  Recent studies indicate that long-term chiropractic treatment ... Read More
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  • Heat Therapy
    Heat therapy is a treatment used to help relieve pain and muscle stiffness.  Heat therapy is commonly used to reduce long-lasting or chronic pain.  There are many forms of heat therapy, including commercial heat packs, heating pads, and moist or ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Heat Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
    Heat therapy is a treatment used to help relieve pain and muscle stiffness.  Heat therapy is commonly used to reduce long-lasting or chronic pain.  There are many forms of heat therapy, including commercial heat packs, heating pads, and moist or ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Heel Cracks
    Cracked heels (heel fissures) are a common foot condition.  The condition develops in dry skin or calluses on the heel if there is too much pressure on the skin.  Moisturizing creams, clinical skin treatments, heel cups, or insoles can help.  ... Read More
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  • Heel Pain
    Your heels bear tons of pressure each day when you stand and walk.  It’s no wonder that heel pain is a common complaint.  Heel pain occurs for a variety of reasons, from wearing the wrong type of shoes to abnormal ... Read More
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  • Heel Pain - Podiatry
    Your heels bear tons of pressure each day when you stand and walk.  It’s no wonder that heel pain is a common complaint.  Heel pain occurs for a variety of reasons, from wearing the wrong type of shoes to abnormal ... Read More
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  • Heel Spurs
    Heel spurs are abnormal bony growths that develop at the back of or under the heel.  Inflammation around a spur, more so than the spur itself, can cause significant pain.  Fortunately, symptoms can be eased with non-surgical treatments for the vast ... Read More
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  • Heel Spurs - Podiatry
    Heel spurs are abnormal bony growths that develop at the back or under the heel as a result of ongoing soft tissue inflammation or irritation.  The inflammation, more so than the heel spur, can cause significant pain.  Fortunately, symptoms can be ... Read More
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  • Hepatitis B and C
    Hepatitis means that the liver is inflamed.  Liver inflammation can occur for several reasons, and there are different types of hepatitis.  Hepatitis B and C result from viral infections.  Hepatitis B and C are transmitted from an infected person to ... Read More
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  • Hernia
    A hernia results when the supportive muscle layer that covers the intestines is weakened or ruptures, allowing a portion of the intestine or tissue to protrude through it.  A hernia may or may not cause symptoms.  It may appear as ... Read More
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  • Herniated Disc - Pain Management
    A herniated disc, also called a “ruptured” disc, is a common source of neck or lower back pain.  Discs are cushion-like pads that are located between the series of small bones that make up the spine.  A herniated disc occurs ... Read More
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  • Herniated Disc Cervical/ACDF - Slipped Disc in the Neck
    A herniated or “ruptured” disc is a common source of neck pain and arm pain.  Discs are the shock-absorbing pads that are between vertebrae, the series of small bones that make up your spine.  Your cervical spine is located in ... Read More
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  • Herniated Lumbar Discs - Chiropractic Treatment
    A herniated or “ruptured” disc is a common source of low back pain.  Discs are the shock-absorbing pads that are between vertebrae, the series of bones that make up your spine.  The lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  ... Read More
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  • High Blood Pressure - Hypertension (HTN)
    High blood pressure, or hypertension (HTN), is a common condition in the United States.  High blood pressure is termed a “silent killer” because it usually does not have symptoms but can cause significant cardiovascular and organ damage.  The only way to know ... Read More
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  • Hindfoot Fracture (Heel/Ankle Joint)
    It takes a lot of force to fracture the bones in the hindfoot.  A fracture is a broken bone. Injuries most frequently result from car crashes or falls from a significant height.  Fractures may occur in the heel or the ... Read More
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  • Hindfoot Fracture (Heel/Ankle Joint)
    It takes a lot of force to fracture the bones in the hindfoot.  A fracture is a broken bone. Injuries most frequently result from car crashes or falls from a height.  Fractures may occur in the heel or the bone located ... Read More
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  • Hip Fracture - ORIF
    Hip Fractures are most commonly caused by falls. The risk for Hip Fractures increases with age. Older adults, especially those over the age of 85, are at the highest risk because of changes in bone structure and overall health. Medical ... Read More
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  • Hip Resurfacing
    Hip resurfacing is a procedure that is used to relieve pain and restore function for people with arthritis or other hip conditions.  Unlike traditional total hip replacement, hip resurfacing does not remove the bones in the joint, but instead resurfaces ... Read More
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  • HIV and AIDS
    The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that gradually destroys the immune system and progresses to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).  HIV is primarily spread from an infected person to another during sexual activity, needle sharing, or ... Read More
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  • Humerus Fracture - Broken Upper Arm
    Humerus fractures are common.  The humerus is the long bone in your upper arm.  A fracture is a broken bone.  The humerus is most frequently fractured as the result of a fall or motor vehicle crash.  Depending on the location ... Read More
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  • Indigestion
    Indigestion is a common condition and affects people of all ages.  Indigestion can occur for many reasons.  Cigarette smoking and the consumption of certain foods, medications, and alcohol can contribute to indigestion.  Indigestion can be a symptom of stress.  Some ... Read More
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  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Crohn's Disease
    Crohn’s disease is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease.  It is believed to result when the immune system, which usually fights diseases, attacks the cells in the GI tract.  When the cells in the digestive system are attacked, the cell ... Read More
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  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Ulcerative Colitis
    Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammatory damage in the lining of the rectum and colon. The primary symptoms of ulcerative colitis include abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea. The cause of ulcerative colitis ... Read More
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  • Interstitial Cystitis
    Interstitial cystitis is an ongoing bladder problem that causes an urgency to urinate, frequent urination, and pain.  Episodes may come and go.  Although there is no cure for interstitial cystitis, there are a variety of treatments that can help to ... Read More
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  • Interventional Radiology
    Interventional radiology is a specialized branch of radiology.  It uses sophisticated technology to create detailed images of internal organs and structures.  The images are used to guide minimally invasive procedures that are used for diagnostic or treatment purposes.  There are ... Read More
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  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
    Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. It is also referred to as nervous indigestion, spastic colon, and functional bowel disease. IBS is defined by the symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea or constipation for a prolonged ... Read More
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  • Kienbock's Disease (Wrist)
    Kienbock’s disease is a progressive condition that affects the lunate bone in the wrist.  It occurs when there is a disruption of the blood supply to the lunate bone.  Without a proper blood supply, the lunate bone decays and dies.  ... Read More
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  • Knee Arthroscopy
    The knee is the largest joint in our body. It is one of the most easily injured joints. Our knees are exposed and vulnerable to sport or work injuries. Knee problems can also occur from disease, aging, or “wear and ... Read More
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  • Knee Tendon Bursitis - "Goosefoot"
    Knee tendon bursitis can develop at the inner (medial) knee. Knee tendon bursitis results from trauma, overuse, and degenerative joint disease.  The painful inflammatory condition develops most frequently in athletes, middle-aged women with obesity, and older adults with arthritis.  Knee ... Read More
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  • Lacerations (Cuts & Scratches)
    Lacerations are cuts or scratches that cause a skin wound.  Lacerations that are not deep can heal with home treatments.  Deep severe lacerations require medical treatment, such as stitches to close the wound and promote healing.  Steps should be taken to ... Read More
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  • Laminaplasty- Cervical Spine - Pain Management
    The cervical spine is composed of a series of small bones in your neck.  Your spinal cord is located in an opening inside of the bones.  The spinal cord and spinal nerves exchange information between your brain and body.  Certain ... Read More
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  • Lipomas
    Lipomas are fat capsules located underneath the skin.  They are usually harmless and common.  Lipomas look like round lumps.  They may be small or grow to over an inch.  They most frequently occur on the arms and trunk.  Lipomas do ... Read More
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  • Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation (Midfoot)
    A Lisfranc fracture occurs in the bones of the midfoot.  The fracture results from dropping something heavy on the foot or twisting the foot during sports or in a car accident.  If you suspect you have a Lisfranc fracture, you should see ... Read More
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  • Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation (Midfoot) - Podiatry
    A Lisfranc fracture occurs in the bones of the midfoot.  The fracture results from dropping something heavy on the foot or twisting the foot during sports or an accident.  If you suspect you have a Lisfranc fracture, you should see ... Read More
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  • Low Back Pain
    The vertebrae in your lower back are larger than in any other part of your spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that align to form your spine. The spinal section in your lower back is called the lumbar spine. ... Read More
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  • Lumbar Discectomy
    The regions of the spine are defined by their vertebral curvature and function. Vertebrae are the bones that align to make up your spine. The lumbar spine is located in your lower back. The main function of the lumbar spine ... Read More
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  • Lumbar Discectomy - Pain Management
    The regions of the spine are defined by their vertebral curvature and function.  Vertebrae are the bones that align to make up your spine.  The lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  The main function of the lumbar spine ... Read More
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  • Lumbar Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Pain Management
    Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain that originates in the spine joints of the lower back.  Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy is useful for people that experienced relief following nerve blocks to the area.  The procedure “turns ... Read More
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  • Lumbar Stabilization - Chiropractic Treatment
    Postural imbalances, overuse, and muscle strain in the lumbar spine area commonly cause low back pain.  The lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  It forms the curve below your waist.  Strong ligaments and muscles connect to your spinal ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Mallet Finger Injury - Baseball Finger
    A mallet finger injury occurs when the tip of a finger or the thumb is forcefully flexed.  The force injures the tendon that straightens the fingertip joint.  A mallet finger injury is also referred to as a baseball finger injury ... Read More
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  • Mallet Toe
    Mallet toe most commonly affects the longest toe on the foot, although any toe can be affected.  It causes the joint closest to the tip of the toe to bend downward.  Mallet toe is most frequently caused by structural problems ... Read More
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  • Mallet Toe
    Mallet toe most commonly affects the longest toe on the foot, although any toe can be affected.  It causes the joint closest to the tip of the toe to bend downward.  Mallet toe is most frequently caused by structural problems ... Read More
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  • Massage Therapy
    Good circulation is an important element of whole body health.  Massage therapy can help stimulate and improve circulation to remove the collections of waste products in lymph that cause discomfort.  It can help to relieve pain and stiffness and improve ... Read More
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  • Massage Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
    Good circulation is an important element of whole body health.  Massage therapy can help stimulate and improve circulation to remove the collections of waste products in lymph that cause discomfort.  It can help to relieve pain and stiffness and improve ... Read More
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  • Medication Allergy
    Many people have experienced unwanted side effects of medications, but an allergic reaction to a medication is not the same thing as a side effect or adverse effect.  An allergic reaction is an immune system response that can be mild ... Read More
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  • Meniscus Tear - Knee Cartilage
    The menisci are cartilage structures in the knee joint that act as buffers between the bones.  The menisci are vulnerable to injury, especially during twisting motions used for sports.  Some tears in certain parts of the meniscus may heal on ... Read More
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  • Metatarsal Fracture (Forefoot)
    Your forefoot acts as a springboard with each step you take and a cushion when your foot touches the ground.  The metatarsal bones located in the forefoot bear and shift your body weight to help maintain balance.  Jumping, twisting, dancing, ... Read More
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  • Metatarsal Fracture (Forefoot)
    Your forefoot acts as a springboard with each step you take, and a cushion when your foot touches the ground.  The metatarsal bones located in the forefoot bear and shift your body weight to help maintain balance.  Jumping, twisting, dancing, ... Read More
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  • Migraine Headache
    Migraine headache pain can be severe and accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to odors, light and sound.  If untreated, migraine symptoms can be so severe that people need to lie down for a few hours or days.  Although there ... Read More
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  • Minimally Invasive Hip Replacement - Arthroplasty
    The hip is one of the most frequently replaced joints. Osteoarthritis, a type of arthritis, is the main reason for hip replacement surgery. Other conditions, including trauma, may also require the need for a hip replacement. Arthritis is a disease ... Read More
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  • Minimally Invasive Knee Replacement - Arthroplasty
    Knee Replacement Surgery is the most common type of joint replacement surgery. The knee is one of the most easily injured joints. Knee problems can occur from injury, aging, “wear and tear,” and arthritis. Arthritis is a disease that causes joint ... Read More
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  • Minimally Invasive Lateral Access Spine Surgery
    In the past, spinal fusion surgery meant large incisions, muscle detachment and lengthy recoveries.  Innovations in spine surgery instruments and surgical techniques provide a much more pleasant experience for patients requiring spine surgery.  Minimally invasive lateral access spine surgery (lateral ... Read More
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  • Minimally Invasive Posterior Fusion Spine Surgery
    Spinal fusion surgery is used to secure two bones together in the spine for people with back pain or spine instability.  Traditional spinal fusion surgeries required a large incision, muscle stripping, and lengthy hospital stays.   Advancements in spine surgery have ... Read More
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  • Morton's Neuroma (Foot)
    Morton’s Neuroma is a painful foot condition.  It occurs when a nerve near the toes becomes compressed and inflamed.  If diagnosed early, most cases of Morton’s Neuroma can be treated without surgery.  However, surgery for the condition has a high ... Read More
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  • Morton's Neuroma (Foot)
    Morton’s Neuroma is a painful foot condition.  It occurs when a nerve near the toes becomes compressed and inflamed.  If diagnosed early, many cases of Morton’s Neuroma can be treated without surgery.  However, surgery for the condition has a high ... Read More
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  • Myofascial Release
    Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue.  Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them.  When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
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  • Neck Pain
    The neck is a very vulnerable part of the spine.  It is susceptible to injury.  Muscle, ligament, nerve, and spine injuries are common causes of neck pain.  Poor posture and “wear and tear” can also cause neck pain.  Degenerative diseases, ... Read More
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  • Neck Pain - Pain Management
    The neck is a very vulnerable part of the spine.  It is susceptible to injury.  Muscle, ligament, nerve, and spine injuries are common causes of neck pain.  Poor posture and “wear and tear” can also cause neck pain.  Degenerative diseases, ... Read More
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  • Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test
    A Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test is an electrodiagnostic procedure that measures how well a nerve works and helps to specify the site of nerve compression.  Nerves carry messages between the brain and body.  Many conditions, such as tissue swelling, ... Read More
    IntroductionDiagnosis
  • Neuromuscular Re-education
    Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement.  Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements.  Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain  about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
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  • Neuropathy - Nerve Pain
    Neuropathy, also referred to as neuralgia or neuritis, is a type of pain that involves the nerves.  Neuropathy results from nerve degeneration, pressure, inflammation, or infection.   There are several causes of neuropathy, including carpal tunnel syndrome, pinched nerves, spinal stenosis, ... Read More
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  • Nuclear Medicine
    Nuclear medicine is a specialized branch of radiology.  Its focus is on using small amounts of radioactive materials to diagnose, manage, or treat disease.  Nuclear medicine uses contrast agents and X-rays to depict how organs function and detect structural abnormalities.  ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Obesity & Sleep: Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS)
    People with significant obesity are at risk for developing obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS).  OHS results when the body does not receive enough oxygen and does not eliminate enough carbon dioxide while breathing during sleep.  OHS can cause extreme daytime sleepiness ... Read More
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  • Occupational Therapy: An Overview
    An injury, disease, or traumatic event may change the way your body functions and the way that you perceive your environment.  A single problem or combination of conditions may change the way that you think, act, feel, see, or move ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Orthotics
    Orthotics are shoe inserts that are used to correct an irregular walking pattern.  They perform functions that make standing, walking, and running more comfortable and efficient, by altering slightly the angles at which the foot strikes a walking or running ... Read More
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  • Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)
    Osgood-Schlatter Disease is actually a type of overuse injury and not a disease.  It affects the knees of growing children and adolescents who play sports that involve running or jumping.  The main symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter Disease are pain and swelling.  ... Read More
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  • Osteoarthritis of the Knee
    Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, affecting more than 21 million Americans.  Osteoarthritis tends to develop as people get older or from overuse of the knee during work or sports.  Osteoarthritis causes the protective covering at the ends ... Read More
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  • Osteoporosis
    Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease.  It causes progressive bone loss and increases the risk of fractures.  Osteoporosis is more common in women than men, and the incidence increases with age.  Bone loss from osteoporosis can lead to fractures ... Read More
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  • Pain Management - An Overview
    Pain management for orthopedic conditions consists of a variety of treatments aimed at reducing pain.  There are many types and causes of orthopedic pain.  Orthopedic pain is commonly caused by injury and aging.  Back pain may result from irritated or ... Read More
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  • Pain Management - Arthrocentesis
    Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling.  Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow and wrist.  It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
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  • Pain Management - Facet Injections
    Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine.  Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra.  Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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  • Pain Management - Prolotherapy
    Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons.  Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones.  They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured.  ... Read More
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  • Pain Management - Trigger Point Injections
    Trigger point injections are used to relieve extremely painful areas of muscle.  Trigger points are very tight bands or small areas of a muscle that are very sensitive to touch and pressure.  The trigger point can irritate surrounding nerves and ... Read More
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  • Pain Management - Viscosupplementation Therapy
    Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis.  Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction.  Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint.  Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
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  • Pain Management: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)- Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
    Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a type of chronic pain syndrome.  CRPS was formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and shoulder-hand syndrome.  CRPS causes severe burning pain and possible eventual deterioration of an affected arm or leg.  The cause ... Read More
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  • Pancreatitis
    Pancreatitis results when the pancreas is inflamed.  Your pancreas is a gland located near your stomach.  It produces fluids that assist with food digestion.  Certain conditions can cause the digestive fluids to become trapped inside the pancreas.  As the fluids ... Read More
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  • Partial Knee Replacement
    Your knee is an important joint that supports the weight of your body and must function correctly for movement and walking. Your knee is made from bone, ligaments and cartilage. One type of cartilage covers the bones, and the other ... Read More
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  • Patellar Tendon Tear
    The patellar tendon connects the kneecap to the leg.  During sports that involve running or jumping or because of tendonitis, certain medical conditions, or steroid use, the tendon can tear.  Small partial tears may heal with non-surgical treatment; however, most ... Read More
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  • Patellofemoral Syndrome - Kneecap Problems
    Patellofemoral Syndrome is pain in the knee that occurs from poorly aligned knee structures, trauma, or overuse.  It is also called runner’s knee and Chondromalacia patellae.  Patellofemoral syndrome results when the cartilage behind the kneecap is overstressed or deteriorates. Patellofemoral Syndrome ... Read More
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  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
    Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.  It is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted disease.  Pelvic inflammatory disease may or may not cause symptoms.  It is very important for this condition to be ... Read More
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  • Percutaneous Disc Nucleoplasty
    Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures that are located between the bones that make up the spine.  Under certain conditions, the discs can bulge and cause back pain.  Percutaneous disc nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to reduce the pressure inside ... Read More
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  • Peripheral Artery Disease - Poor Circulation
    Peripheral artery disease (PAD), also referred to as arteriosclerosis of the extremities and peripheral vascular disease, is a condition that causes poor blood circulation to the kidneys, intestines, arms, legs, and feet.  Blood flow may be reduced or blocked by ... Read More
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  • Peripheral Neuropathy
    Peripheral neuropathy is a symptom rather than a disease in itself.  It occurs when nerves are damaged resulting in pain and loss of function, such as motor movement or the sense of touch.  Peripheral neuropathy commonly develops in the longest ... Read More
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  • Phantom Limb Pain
    Phantom limb pain is a real condition that occurs in some people after the amputation of an arm or leg.  People with phantom limb feel pain as if the amputated limb is still there.  The exact mechanism of phantom limb ... Read More
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  • Physical Therapy: An Overview
    An injury, illness, chemotherapy, bed rest, inactivity, or disease may change the amount of control that you have over moving your body.  Alterations in your health status may result in poor endurance, decreased muscle movement, paralysis, and loss of balance, ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Physical Therapy: An Overview
    An injury, illness, chemotherapy, bed rest, inactivity, or disease may change the amount of control that you have over moving your body.  Alterations in your health status may result in poor endurance, decreased muscle movement, paralysis, and loss of balance, ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Pinched Nerves in the Back-Spinal (Lumbar) Fusion/lumbar spinal stenosis
    The lumbar spine is a common source of back problems.  Your lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  The main function of the lumbar spine is to support the weight of your upper body.  The joints of the lumbar ... Read More
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  • Pitcher's Elbow - Little League Elbow
    Pitcher’s elbow, also called Little League elbow, results from excessive throwing motions used in sports.  It most frequently occurs in baseball, but is associated with other sports that involve throwing.  Pitcher’s elbow causes pain and interferes with motion.  Many cases ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Plantar Fasciitis
    Plantar fasciitis is a painful foot condition.  It occurs when connective tissue at the bottom of the foot, called the plantar fascia, is irritated and inflamed.  The condition commonly occurs among people who spend a lot of time on their ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Plantar Fasciitis - Podiatry
    Plantar fasciitis is a painful foot condition.  It occurs when connective tissue at the bottom of the foot, called the plantar fascia, is irritated and inflamed.  The condition commonly occurs among people who spend a lot of time on their ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
    Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder.  It develops in some people that witness or experience terrifying life-threatening events.  PTSD can cause a variety of psychiatric and physical symptoms.  People with PTSD may experience sudden vivid memories ... Read More
    IntroductionCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Tear
    The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) crosses inside of the knee joint with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), connecting the thighbone to the leg.  Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect your bones together.  PCL tears are not as common as ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction - Acquired Flatfoot
    Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, also known as acquired flatfoot, results when the tendon at the back of the ankle is inflamed or torn.  It is a progressive condition that can eventually lead to a fallen arch or flatfoot.  Advanced cases, or those ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Preparing for Surgery
    Surgery can be an overwhelming experience.  It is important to go into your surgery feeling secure and confident.  This guide will help you to understand what to expect.   Understand the procedure Talk to your doctor.  Learn what to expect before, during ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Progressive Strengthening
    Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function.  Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.”  Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Progressive Strengthening Exercises
    Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function.  Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.”  Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Prolotherapy - Pain Management
    Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons.  Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones.  They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured.  ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Psoriasis
    Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that can come and go over time.  Psoriasis causes red irritated flaky skin.  It is not contagious.  Although the exact cause and cure for psoriasis is unknown, there are many products and prescriptions that ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Psychotherapeutic Medications: An Overview
    Medication will not cure mental illness, but it can help keep symptoms under control.  Your treatment may involve medication, therapy, or both.  Medication can help make therapy more effective.  Psychotherapeutic medications may be used for short periods of time or ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Radial Tunnel Syndrome (Forearm)
    Radial tunnel syndrome occurs when the radial nerve in the arm is compressed.  The radial nerve travels through the radial tunnel located on the top (dorsum) of the forearm.  The radial nerve can be compressed or irritated in the radial ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Radiofrequency Ablation
    For some people, certain facet-related back pain cannot be relieved with traditional treatments.  The facet joints connect the bones (vertebrae) in your spine to each other.  Each of the bones has two small facet joints located on the back.  Radiofrequency ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rashes
    Rashes are a common skin condition that everyone experiences at one time or another.  There are numerous causes of rashes, ranging from allergic reactions, infections, and medical conditions to insect stings.  Some types of rashes can be treated at home ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionComplications
  • Rehabilitation - Balance Retraining and Vestibular Rehabilitation
    Balance retraining and vestibular rehabilitation are used to treat balance disorders and movement related dizziness.  Balance is a complex function that involves the coordination of many body systems.  Balance requires the ability to produce movements and interpret information about your ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Gait Training
    Gait refers to the manner in which you ambulate or walk.  A safe gait is necessary for independent living and the prevention of falls and injuries.  Strength, endurance, motion, balance, and coordination are all components of an effective gait.  These ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Hand Therapy
    Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation. Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy.  A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist that has completed ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Rehabilitation - Myofascial Release
    Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue.  Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them.  When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Neuromuscular Re-education
    Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement. Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements.  Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain  about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Progressive Strengthening
    Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function.  Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.”  Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Shoulder Rehabilitation
    Shoulder rehabilitation can reduce pain and restore function to an injured shoulder. The shoulder moves in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in your body.  However, because it performs so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Transfer Training
    In rehabilitation, “transfer training” refers to alternate methods of moving your body from one surface to another.  We move and reposition our bodies several times daily, for instance when we get on and off a chair, in and out of ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Restless Legs Syndrome
    Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes odd sensations in the legs and an urgency to move the legs.  The symptoms become worse while resting or lying down to fall asleep.  RLS is not a life-threatening condition, but ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Reverse Shoulder Replacement
    Reverse shoulder replacement is an advanced newer surgical treatment that was approved by the FDA in 2004. A reverse shoulder replacement is a surgical procedure to replace a damaged shoulder joint with an artificial one. The new joint stabilizes the ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisSurgeryRecovery
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand
    Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the hand.  Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term chronic inflammatory disease.  It causes the joints in the hand to become painful, swollen, and stiff.  Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to hand deformity and loss of function.  Symptoms are ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Rotator Cuff Tear & Repair
    Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain. The rotator cuff consists of four shoulder muscles and their tendons. Tendons are strong fibers that connect our muscles to our bones. The shoulder muscles and tendons cover the upper ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Sacroiliac Joint Pain - Chiropractic Treatment
    Sacroiliac joint dysfunction can cause low back and leg pain.  The sacroiliac joint connects your spine to your pelvis.  The sacroiliac joint does not move much and acts more as a stabilizer for the upper body.  It acts as a ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Scaphoid Fracture - Broken Wrist
    A scaphoid fracture most commonly results from a fall on an outstretched hand.  The scaphoid is a small bone located on the thumb side of your wrist.  It is the most commonly broken bone in the wrist.  Because symptoms can ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Sciatica
    The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve in your body. The sciatic nerve extends from your lower back down to your feet. If the sciatic nerve is compressed or inflamed, a painful condition called Sciatica can result. Symptoms ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Sciatica - Pain Management
    The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve in your body.  The sciatic nerve extends from your lower back down to your feet.  If the sciatic nerve is compressed or inflamed, a painful condition called Sciatica can result.  Symptoms ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Sesamoid Fracture & Sesamoiditis (Big Toe)
    The sesamoids are two small bones near the base of the big toe.  They help to bear weight and act as pulleys to help move your big toe when you walk.  Too much repetitive pressure, force, or tension can cause ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Shin Splints
    Shin splints is a term to describe pain at the front or lower inside edge of the leg.  The pain is most frequently caused by muscle overuse, improper form when exercising, or wearing the wrong type of athletic shoes.  Most ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Shingles
    Shingles are a painful rash that develops in nearly 1 in 3 Americans.  The risk of developing shingles increases with age.  More than half of all shingles cases occur in people over the age of 60, although children can develop ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Shoulder Arthroscopy
    The shoulder can perform movements in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in our body. But because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress and injury. Shoulder injuries are very common, ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Shoulder Impingement Syndrome - Shoulder Tendonitis
    Shoulder impingement syndrome is a painful condition in the shoulder.  It occurs when the tendons in the shoulder are irritated, inflamed or degenerated from repetitive overhead motions or structural abnormalities in the shoulder.  Shoulder impingement syndrome is treated with activity modification, ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Shoulder Rehabilitation
    Shoulder rehabilitation can reduce pain and restore function to an injured shoulder.  The shoulder moves in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in your body.  However, because it performs so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Skier's Thumb
    Skier’s Thumb is an injury that occurs when the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal phalangeal joint of the thumb is injured. The ligament can be injured when the thumb is bent back away from the fingers (hyperextended). A sports ... Read More
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  • Sleep Apnea
    Sleep apnea is a common and under-diagnosed sleep disorder.  It causes repeated episodes of stopped breathing (apneic episodes) and startling or gasping for air during sleep.  People with sleep apnea frequently do not realize that they have it.  The consequences ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Sleep Deprivation
    Everyone may experience sleep deprivation at one time or another but ongoing sleep deprivation can lead to serious problems.  Sleep deprivation causes excessive daytime sleepiness and decreases your ability to perform your regular activities.  Ongoing sleep deprivation can lead to ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Sleep: How it Works
    Sleep is vital for healthy living and life, just like eating and breathing.  Sleep allows your body to rest.  During sleep, your muscles and tissues grow and repair.  Researchers believe that during sleep your brain performs important functions, such as ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Snoring
    Snoring is very common among adults.  During sleep, the airway muscles in the throat relax.  As you breathe in, the airway vibrates, making noise.  Snoring frequently results from turbulent airflow and narrowing in the nose or throat that creates noise ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Spinal (Lumbar) Fusion/Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Pinched Nerves in the Back
    The low back is a common place to experience pain.  This area of the back is called the lumbar spine.  The main function of the lumbar spine is to support the weight of your upper body.  The joints of the ... Read More
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  • Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) for Pain Relief
      Introduction Spinal cord stimulation is a pain relieving treatment for chronic back pain.  Spinal cord stimulation can be useful for some people that have failed other forms of treatment.  The stimulator is a small device that is surgically placed beneath the ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Spinal Cord Tumors
    Spinal cord tumors may originate in the spinal cord or result from the spread of cancer from another location in the body.  Your spinal cord transmits sensory, movement, and reflex information between your brain and body.  Spinal cord tumors need ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Spinal Stenosis
    The lower back is a common place to experience pain and discomfort.  The lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  The bones align to form the spine.  Aging, arthritis, and degenerative conditions can cause the bones to change shape and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at Risk
  • Spondylolisthesis - Slipped Vertebrae
    Small bones, called vertebrae, align to form the spine in your back.  A healthy spine supports the body, while allowing movement.  Spondylolisthesis occurs when age or injury causes a vertebra in the lower back to slip forward and out of ... Read More
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  • Spondylolysis - Stress Fracture of Spine- Pain Management
    Adolescents that participate in high impact sports and adults with physically demanding jobs have the greatest risk of spondylolysis, a type of stress fracture in the lower part of the spine.  Spondylolysis may or may not cause symptoms, such as ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at RiskComplications
  • Spondylolysis - Stress Fracture of the Spine
    Spondylolysis is a term to describe a stress fracture that occurs in the vertebrae of the lower spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your spine. Spondylolysis can result from excessive and repetitive forces during ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Sports Medicine and Fitness Training
    The benefits of exercise and fitness are well known.  Physical activity is essential for overall health, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and quality of life.  Sports medicine is a science that involves a team of specially trained health professionals from a wide ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Sprains & Strains
    Sprains and strains are common injuries that can happen to anyone, but occur most frequently in people who participate in sports, perform repetitive activities, or are at-risk for falls.  Sprains involve the tissues that connect bones together (ligaments).  Strains involve ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at RiskComplications
  • Stellate Ganglion Block
    A stellate ganglion block is an injection used to diagnose or treat certain nerve conditions.  The stellate ganglion is a group of nerves located at the front of the neck.  A stellate ganglion block is used to prevent pain signals from ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Stress Fracture - Leg and Foot
    Stress fractures are tiny hairline breaks in the bone.  They tend to develop in the legs or feet of dancers, athletes, or military personnel who exercise when their muscles are fatigued or when their bodies are not yet conditioned to ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Stroke - CVA
    A stroke or a “brain attack” is an emergency medical condition.  It occurs when the blood supply to the brain is stopped or reduced for a period of time.  Your brain controls the life sustaining functions of your body.  It ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Swan Neck Deformity - Finger Deformity
    A swan neck deformity occurs when the structures that keep the middle joint of your finger from bending back too far are injured, stretched or weakened. The injury causes the middle finger (proximal interphalangeal) joint to hyperextend. This ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Syncope - Fainting
    Syncope is the medical term for fainting.  Syncope results from a drop in blood pressure or heart rate.  It may occur because of certain triggers, such as dehydration, stress, or exhaustion.  Recurrent syncope may be the sign of a heart ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Tendonitis
    Tendonitis is an inflammatory condition that can develop in a tendon. Tendons are strong fibers that connect your muscles to your bones. Tendonitis most frequently results from overuse of a joint. Symptoms include pain and tenderness. Most cases of tendonitis ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Tennis Elbow - Lateral Epicondylitis
    Tennis Elbow is a condition that results in deterioration of the tendon fibers that attach to the bone at the outside of the elbow. Tendons are strong fibers that attach muscles to bone. They are tissues that do not stretch ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Tension Headache
    Tension headaches are the most common type of primary headache, meaning that they are not caused by an underlying medical disorder.  Most people will experience a tension headache in their lifetime.  They occur most frequently between the ages of 20 ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • The Digestive System/How it works
    Whenever you eat and drink, food travels through your digestive system for processing.  Your body absorbs nutrients and removes waste products via your digestive system.  As water is absorbed from your digestive system, the waste products become more solid and ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomy
  • The Eyes: How They Work
    Your visual system consists of your eyes, nerve pathways, and your brain.  Your eyes are where the visual process begins.  Nerve pathways extend from your eyes and carry messages throughout your brain for processing.  Your brain interprets what you see—colors, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomy
  • The Heart: How it Works
    The Heart:  How it Works   The heart is the core of the cardiovascular system.  Your cardiovascular system consists of your heart and the blood vessels that carry blood throughout your body.  Your heart is located to the left of the middle ... Read More
    Introduction
  • The Liver - How it Works
    Your liver is one of the largest organs in your body, second only to your skin.  Your liver is located in your right upper abdomen and is protected by your ribcage.  Your liver performs over 100 functions—most of them are ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomy
  • Thoracic Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Upper Back
    Thoracic facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the upper back after other forms of treatment have failed.  The procedure “turns off” the specific nerve that carries information about pain.  The treatment provides pain relief for ... Read More
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  • Thumb CMC (Basal Joint) Arthroplasty - Thumb Joint Reconstruction
    The thumb joint at the base of the thumb is the most mobile in the hand. The thumb can move up and down, in and out, and rotate slightly to touch the fingers. We move our thumbs hundreds of times ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Tibia Fracture - Broken Shinbone
    The tibia, commonly called the shinbone, is located in your lower leg.  A tibia fracture is a common injury.  A fracture is a broken bone.  Vehicle crashes, falls, and sports injuries are frequent causes of tibia fractures.  Depending on the ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • TMJ Disorder
    The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is unique in that it allows your lower jaw to perform motions in several different directions.  You use lower jaw motions whenever you talk, swallow, chew, or yawn.  Because of the complexity of the joint structure, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Toe (Phalange) Fracture
    Toe fractures can certainly hurt, but they are rarely incapacitating.  Toe fractures most frequently result from trauma.  The majority of toe fractures  heal without surgery. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPreventionAm I at Risk
  • Toe Fracture
    Toe fractures can certainly hurt, but they are rarely incapacitating.  They most frequently result from some type of trauma.  The majority of toe fractures can heal without surgery. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Total Hip Replacement
    The hip is one of the most commonly replaced joints.  The hip is a ball and socket joint.  It allows us to move our legs and bend and straighten our body.  Osteoarthritis, a type of arthritis, is the main reason ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Total Knee Replacement
    The knee is the largest joint in our body. It is one to the most easily injured joints. Knee problems can occur from injury, aging, “wear and tear,” or disease, such as arthritis. Arthritis causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Total Shoulder Replacement
    The shoulder has a greater range of motion than any other joint in our body, but because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress, injury, and arthritis. Arthritis is a major cause of shoulder pain. ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Injury - Wrist Sprain
    The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) is a structure that is made of cartilage and ligaments.  It is located on the ulnar side of the wrist (side toward the little finger).  The TFCC stabilizes the bones in the wrist, acts as ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb
    Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb, medically termed Stenosing Tenosynovitis, are common hand conditions.  This condition occurs when the tendons in the thumb and fingers do not glide smoothly.  Tendons are strong tissues that connect our muscles to our bones.  Trigger ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Trigger Points & Trigger Point Injections
    A trigger point is a small area in a muscle that is very sensitive to touch or pressure.  It can be extremely painful.  Injury, overexertion, muscle tension, and muscle spasms are common causes of trigger points.  They most frequently occur ... Read More
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  • Ultrasound - Diagnostic
    An ultrasound is an imaging test that allows doctors to view internal organs, tissues, and systems, and check developing babies during pregnancy.  Ultrasound is noninvasive.  An ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the structures on a video monitor.  ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Ultrasound Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
    Ultrasound therapy is used to minimize muscle pain and movement dysfunction.  Therapeutic ultrasound uses sound waves to deliver deep heat to the treated tissues.  The treatments may help reduce stiffness, swelling, and pain, increase circulation, and promote pain-free movement.  Ultrasound ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Ultrasound Therapy - Pain Management/Rehabilitation
    Ultrasound therapy is used to minimize muscle pain and movement dysfunction.  Therapeutic ultrasound uses sound waves to deliver deep heat to the treated tissues.  The treatments may help reduce stiffness, swelling, and pain, increase circulation, and promote pain-free movement.  Ultrasound ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Vertigo
    Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or false movement.  It can result from trauma, infection, or diseases that affect the inner ear.  Vertigo is usually a harmless condition but a doctor should evaluate it.  Vertigo may be treated with medications, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Viscosupplementation Therapy - Pain Management
    Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis.  Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction.  Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint.  Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Vomiting
    Although no one likes it, everyone will experience vomiting at one time or another.  Vomiting occurs when the stomach moves food up and out, instead of down through the digestive tract.  In the majority of cases, vomiting can be treated ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at RiskComplications
  • Weight Management
    Weighing too much or too little can be a problem.  In the United States, weighing too much is the more common situation.  It can be unhealthy to be underweight or overweight.  Of growing concern, many Americans are becoming obese, which ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Whiplash
    Whiplash occurs when the head moves suddenly from severe impact, such as during a car crash.  Whiplash can cause neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, tight muscles, and burning or tingling sensations in your neck or upper back.  Most ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Whiplash - Chiropractic Treatment
    Neck and upper back pain may occur immediately or in a somewhat delayed fashion after an auto crash.  If you have neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, tight muscles, and burning or tingling sensations in your neck or upper ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Wrist Fracture - Open Reduction and Internal or External Fixation
    Wrist fractures are a very common type of orthopedic injury.  They occur most often as the result of a fall.  When we fall, it is our natural instinct to stretch out our arms in an attempt to cushion ourselves.  However, ... Read More
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  • X-Rays
    X-rays use radiation energy to create images of internal body structures.  X-rays are a non-invasive procedure, meaning that the body does not have to be surgically opened to see a bone or tissue.  X-rays are used to help diagnose a ... Read More
    Introduction

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This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.

The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com.

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At Central Florida Spine & Pain,  Dr. Giordano offers Interventional Pain Therapies and Minimally Invasive Treatments for acute and chronic pain conditions.